There are three things wrong with this notion.

1. Bullets points, an extremely useful communication tool, are moribund largely due to the unthinking, mind-deadening way they are too often used.

2. Steve Jobs does use bullet points, but in the way they were intended — with spectacular results.

3. There is no such thing as a slide presentation.

But first things first. Just what are these things called bullet points? And why are they causing so much polemic?

Bullet points are nothing but terse, telegraphic phrases that encapsulate an idea, usually without trying to explain it. By analogy, they are like chapter headings in a book. They give a glimpse of what the chapter is all about without trying to substitute for it. The chapter is still there to be read; the heading only whets your appetite to do so.

On presentation slides, bullet points do the same thing. They give the audience a glimpse of what the speaker is about to say in order to pique their interest. Often they also serve as a reminder of what the speaker has said in order to better fix the idea in their minds.

How could such an outstandingly useful tool be considered dead or deserving to be so? Quite simply, because many presenters seem to have forgotten — or never knew — their true purpose.

How often have you seen so-called bullet points written out in long, convoluted sentences rather than in terse, pithy phrases? How often have you seen 4-6 bullet points, even well-written, splattered on the screen all at once like a plate of spaghetti thrown against a wall? If their purpose is to whet the audience’s appetite for what the speaker is about to say, they should be introduced one at a time, i.e. bullet point 1, followed by the presenter’s comments about the point; bullet point 2, followed by the presenter’s comments about it, and so on.

This is only common sense, which in recent years seems to have become decidedly uncommon.

In the Dark Ages when people still used overhead transparencies (remember those?), introducing bullet points one by one seemed to have been a matter of course. All the bullet points were written on a single transparency. However, the astute presenter would cover them with a sheet of paper, moving the paper down the transparency to reveal each one only as needed.

It is quite easy to do the same thing with PowerPoint and other computer-generated slide programs, yet many presenters fail to do so. Putting the full list of bullet points on the screen in one fell swoop is like publishing a book with only a table of contents but failing to put headings on each individual chapter. It makes no sense.

A Bullet Point by Any Other Name

But Steve Jobs doesn’t introduce bullet points one by one, does he? Well, yes and no.

First of all, people who claim that Mr. Jobs doesn’t use bullet points at all are off-target. He uses them all the time. However, there is no requirement that a bullet point look like bullet point, i.e. with a symbol (point, star, arrowhead, etc.) followed by text. Mr. Jobs frequently shows only a single phrase on the screen with nothing else there, or a single phrase associated to a relevant image. When he does show a list, he introduces the points sequentially, commenting on each one before revealing the next one.

The process is so smooth that people don’t even realize that they are looking at bullet points. But whether they are recognized or not, the important thing is that they have the desired effect.

If all this sounds somewhat theoretical, let’s make it more practical. The example below is typical of slides seen in all too many presentations. It commits both cardinal sins. It uses full sentences rather than terse phrases, and it shows all the bullet points at the same time.

Style of the Text

The style of the text you show should be telegraphic (key words) in order to:

• Minimize how much text the audience has to read on the screen

• Refocus the audience's attention on the speaker so that he can elaborate on what they have read on the screen

The following example does the job correctly.

Style of Text

Telegraphic (key words) to:

• Minimize text the audience must read

• Refocus audience attention on speaker for elaboration

Because the text in the first example is painfully long, the astute speaker has no option but to remain silent while the audience is reading it. Numerous surveys have shown that the speaker reading a long text aloud sends the audience’s annoyance level right off the scale.

Because the text in the second example is admirably short, the speaker can read or paraphrase it along with the audience. For example, he could say: “You should use telegraphic style to minimize how much text the audience must read before re-focusing their attention on you, the speaker, for elaboration.”

By emphasizing the key aspects of the text through tone, vocal variety, and perhaps even body language, the speaker is unlikely to provoke the same degree of annoyance as with the long text. On the contrary, the audience is likely to appreciate his effort rather than reprove it.

The Birth of the Build-up

However, we are only halfway there. For full benefit, the text should be introduced sequentially, not all at once.

As previously noted, with transparencies this was achieved by moving a sheet of paper from top to bottom. With 35 mm slides, this was achieved by using “build-up slides.”

For example, instead of showing five bullet points on a single slide, the speaker prepared six slides. The first slide showed only the title; the rest of the screen was left blank. The next one showed the title plus bullet point 1; the rest of the screen was left blank. The next slide showed the title plus bullet points 1 and 2; the rest of the screen was left blank. The same was done for each succeeding slide. It was only on the last slide that the full text (general statement + bullet points) became visible.

Producing six slides was of course considerably more expensive than producing only one. But it was also considerably more effective. You should use the same technique with computer-generated slides. It is exceedingly easy and there is no additional cost.

Introducing text sequentially rather than instantaneously makes reading or paraphrasing the slide to the audience even easier — and increases the effect.

Remember: The words are on the screen to support the speaker, not to replace him. Speaking each line as it appears and giving it appropriate vocal and body language emphasis ensures that the words on the screen support the speaker’s presentation in two crucial ways:

• Firstly, the attention of the audience is totally focused on the bullet point (the chapter heading).

• Next, it is totally focused on the speaker for elaboration (the chapter).

At no time is the audience’s attention split between reading and listening.

Moreover, at no time is the speaker standing mute while the audience is reading, as if his presence didn’t matter.

The Clarity of an Example

Let’s look at a real example of this approach and technique. Here is a PowerPoint build-up slide I use in my writing and public speaking workshops, with the commentary I use as each bit of the slide appears on the screen.

Heading

Interest Depends on Clarity

Virtually everyone agrees that interest depends on clarity. For a text to be interesting, it must be clear. In other words, people must understand what you are talking about. The problem is, the word “clear” has no practical definition. What is clear to one person may not be clear to another. What we need is a functional definition, like a recipe, to be sure that our text is clear — that is, virtually everyone will understand it.

General statement

Interest Depends on Clarity

For clarity, you must do three things:

To ensure clarity, you must do three things.

Bullet Point 1

Interest Depends on Clarity

For clarity, you must do three things:

1. Emphasize info of key importance

Emphasize information of key importance. This means that before you start writing, you must first identify the key ideas you want your readers to take away with them. This is not always easy, but unless you do this first, there is no sense even sitting down at the keyboard.

Bullet Point 2

Interest Depends on Clarity

For clarity, you must do three things:

1. Emphasize info of key importance

2. De-emphasize info of secondary important

De-emphasize information of secondary importance. You don’t want your key ideas getting lost in the details, so you have to make certain that details are clearly identified as such. There are various ways of doing this. We will look at them in a moment. But before we do, can anyone guess what the third thing is we need to do to be clear? (Allow a few moments for audience participation.)

Bullet Point 3

Interest Depends on Clarity

For clarity, you must do three things:

1. Emphasize info of key importance

2. De-emphasize info of secondary important

3. Eliminate info of no importance

That’s right. Eliminate information of no importance. Remember: Nothing in a text is neutral. Whatever doesn’t add, subtracts. It doesn’t matter how interesting or amusing a piece of information may be. If it isn’t relevant, it doesn’t belong.

Focus on Jobs

If arguing that the speaker should read or paraphrase slide text aloud sounds heretical, it is probably because you have never seen it done properly. However, when it is done properly, it is an extremely valuable tool.

You don't have to take my word for it. Watch Steve Jobs. In his highly lauded presentations, virtually every time text appears on the screen, he reads it aloud, using both his voice and body language to give it full meaning. And most of the time, the text appears on a blank screen without a visual. Why? Because an irrelevant visual is just that — irrelevant. And therefore distracting.

No wonder Mr. Jobs is such a popular presenter. He gives the audience precisely what they want — full information — precisely the way they want it — in carefully crafted, easily digestible nuggets. You can find an excellent example of Mr. Jobs in action at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZBffb1HkfM&feature=related.

To summarize, to get the most from your slides:

1. Write text telegraphically.

2. Introduce ideas (bullet points) line by line, not all at once.

3. Use voice and body language to emphasize each line as it appears.

4. Comment fully on each line of text before moving on to the next one.

5. Avoid irrelevant, distracting visuals.

As Mr. Jobs and all other good presenters know, the term “slide presentation” is a pernicious misnomer. There is no such thing as a slide presentation. Slides only support the presentation; they should never be confused for the presentation itself.

So the next time you decide to do a “slide presentation,” stop and think again. Never let what is going on behind you upstage you. If you ever feel that what you are showing is becoming more important than what you are saying, you are heading down the wrong track. Delete the slides, tear up your speech, and start over again.

This takes courage. But both you and your audience will be better off for it.

I would like to thank Carmine Gallo, author of The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs and The Innovation Secrets of Steve Jobs, for his generous contribution to this article. Reach him at: www.carminegallo.com.